PATENTS

        The following table contains a list of patents issued in the United States that make reference to the Cold Spray process. We have made every effort to update this resource with all relevant patents, however the very nature of the patent process may result in patents being classified under synonymous terms and therefore being missed in our searches. We ask for your help in identifying any patents that may have been missed and we will update this resource to provide a valuable tool for everyone working in the Cold Spray field. The complete abstracts, list of inventors and the assignees can be searched using the search function in your Web Browser. A .pdf copy of each patent can be downloaded directly from this website.

Current as of (June 19, 2009)
Patent No. Filed Assignee/Inventors Title/Abstract
706701 Mar. 23, 1900   METHOD OF IMPACTING ONE METAL UPON ANOTHER
N/A Samuel H. Thurston  
1128059 Aug. 7, 1911 Metals Coating Company of America METHOD OF PLATING OR COATING WITH METALLIC COATINGS
N/A Max U. Schoop  

        6,129,948

    Oct. 10, 2000
National Centre of Manufacturing Sciences Surface modification to achieve improved electrical conductivity.
DOWNLOAD Robert C. McCune A high-velocity spray nozzle is used to physically embed conductive particles into the surface of a non-conductive substrate, thereby rendering it electriclly conductive.  In contrast to existing, chemically based alternatives, the method offers the use of a dry process with no chemical baths and associated environmental concerns; the ability to produce localized modifications, only in areas where actually required; the use of simple materials, such as air and powdered graphite; and a potential cost savings.  Methods of modifying localized areas of the underlying substrate are also disclosed. 
Jeffrey H. Helms
Howard K. Plummer
6,139,913 Oct. 31, 2000 National Center for Manufacturing Sciences KINETIC SPRAY COATING METHOD AND APPARATUS
DOWNLOAD Thomas H. Van Steenkiste A method and apparatus is disclosed for kinetic spray coating of substrate surfaces by impingement of air or gas entrained powders of small particles in a range up to at least 106 microns accelerated to supersonic velocity in a spray nozzle. Preferably powders of metals, alloys, polymers and mixtures thereof or with semiconductors or ceramics are entrained in unheated air and passed through an injection tube into a larger flow of heated air for mixing and acceleration through a supersonic nozzle for coating of an article by impingement of the yieldable particles. A preferred apparatus includes a high pressure air supply carrying entrained particles exceeding 50 microns through an injection tube into heated air in a mixing chamber for mixing and acceleration in the nozzle. The mixing chamber is supplied with high pressure heated air through a main air passage having an area ratio relative to the injection tube of at least 80/1.
John R. Smith
Richard E. Teets
Jerome J. Moleski
Daniel W. Gorkiewicz
6,156,377 Jan. 7, 1999 Fuji Kihan Co. Ltd. CERAMIC DISPERSION PLATING PROCESS
DOWNLOAD Yoshio Miyasaka Provided is a low-priced metal coating treatment which causes less pollution, wherein the dispersion of ceramics and the foming of a metal coat are performed by blasting treatment; and a ceramic dispersion plating process making it possible to improve wear resistance, heat resistance and the like of a workpiece and the adhesion of the metal coat.  When ceramic particles are ejected on the surface of a workpiece comprising a metal or a metal component by blasting, the workpiece is heated and softened so that the ceramic particles are dispersed inside the workpiece to form a dispersed layer.  When a coating metal powder is further ejected thereon by blasting, the temperature of the dispersed layer rises in the same way so that elements in the composition of the coating metal powder diffuse and penetrate inside/on the surface of the dispersed layer to form a plating layer.
6,189,663 Jun. 8, 1998 General Motors Corporation SPRAY COATINGS FOR SUSPENSION DAMPER RODS
DOWNLOAD Wen-Jin Meng Electroplated chromium coatings on automobile suspension damper piston rods are replaced with thermal or kinetic spray coatings of: (a) suitable corrosion-resistant metal alloys such as iron and chromium containing nickel-based alloys or chromium containing steel, or (b) suitable ceramic coatings such as electrically insulative alumina ceramics.  The spray coatings are porous, and the metal alloy coatings usually should be sealed for corrosion protection.
Thomas H. Van Steenkiste
John Robert Smith
6,258,402 B1 Oct. 12, 1999   METHOD FOR REPAIRING SPRAY-FORMED STEEL TOOLING
DOWNLOAD Paul Earl Pergande A machine tool or die is fabricated from thermally spray-formed steel is easily repaired by cleaning, roughing and covering the surface to be repaired by a cold-spray layer of metal and then forming a weldment by conventional electric welding processes.  The repaired surface is then finished by conventional machining, grinding and polishing and then the tool is put back into service.
Robert Corbly McCune
Nakhleh Hussary
6,258,417 B1 Mar. 26, 1999 Research Foundation of State University of New York METHOD OF PRODUCING NANOCOMPOSITE COATINGS
DOWNLOAD Sanjay Sampath A method of producing a nanocomposite coating without gaseous precursor reactants.  A non-nanocrystalline particulate containing a polymorphic material in an atmospheric phase is introduced into a high-velocity gas jet.  The projected particulate is allowed to impact a substrate at a velocity effective to cause at a least a portion of the polymorphic material to transform to a nanocystalline, high pressure phase.
Herbert Herman
John Parise
Ramasis Goswami
6,283,386 B1 23-May-00 National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, Ann Arbor, Mich (US) KINETIC SPRAY COATING APPARATUS
DOWNLOAD John R. Smith  An apparatus is disclosed for kinetic spray coating of substrate surfaces by impingement of air or gas entrained powders of small particles in a range up to at least 106 microns accelerated to supersonic velocity in a spray nozzle.  Preferably powders of metals, alloys, polymers and mixtures thereof or with semiconductors or ceramics are entrained in unheated air and passed through an injection tube into a larger flow of heated air for mixing and acceleration through a supersonic nozzle for coating of an article by impingement of the yieldable particles.  A preferred apparatus includes a high pressure air supply carrying entrained particles exceeding 50 microns through an injection tube into heated air in a mixing chamber is supplied with high pressure heated air through a main air passage having an area ratio relative to the injection tube of at least 80/1.
Richard E. Teets
Daniel W. Gorkiewicz
Jerome J. Moleski
Thomas H. Van Steenkiste
6,291,012 B1 Feb. 3, 1998 Fuji Kihan Co. Ltd. METHOD FOR FORMING A METALLIC COAT BY IMPACTING METALLIC PARTICLS ON A WORKPIECE
DOWNLOAD Yoshio Miyasaka Method for forming metallic coat where, the surface of workpiece is partly covered with a masking material having a predetermined pattern, and metallic powders are ejected to the surface at the ejection velocity of 80 m/sec or higher or at the ejection pressure of 0.3 Mpa or higher by utilising an ejection apparatus such as blast work apparatus, in order to easily attain the metallic coat having high adhesion strength without washing process, nor heat process by a relatively simple facility.
6,315,188 B1 Jun. 28, 2000 Sandia Corporation SURFACE PREPERATION FOR HIGH PURITY ALUMINA CERAMICS ENABLING DIRECT BRAZING IN HYDROGEN ATMOSPHERES
DOWNLOAD Nancy Yuan Chi Yang  The present invention relates to a method for preparing the surface of a high purity alumina ceramic or sapphire specimen that enables direct brazing in a hydrogen or sapphire atmosphere using an active braze alloy.  The present invention also relates to a method for directly brazing a high purity alumina ceramic or sapphire specimen to a ceramic or metal member using this method of surface preparation, and to articles produced by this brazing method.  The presence of silicon, in the form of a SiP2-containing surface layer, can more than double the tensile bond strength in alumina ceramic joints brazed in a hydrogen atmosphere using an active Au-16Ni-0.75 Mo-1.75V filler metal.  A thin silicon coating applied by PVD processing can, after air firing, produce a semi-continuous coverage of the alumina surface with a Sio2 film.  Room temperature tensile strength was found to be proportinal to the fraction of air fired surface covered by silicon-containing films.  Similarly, the ratio of substrate fracture versus interface separation was also related to the amount of surface silicon present prior to brazing.  This process can replace the need to perform a "moly-manganese" metallization step.
Floyd M. Hosking
Charles H Cadden
6,317,913 B1 08-May-00 Alcoa Inc. METHOD OF DEPOSITING FLUX OR FLUX AND METAL ONTO A METAL BRAZING SUBSTRATE
DOWNLOAD John B. Eye The present invention is directed to a means for the surface preparation of a metal or metal alloy substrate.  In the process of the present invention, a stream of a mixture of flux particles and metal particles is hurled at the substrate at velocities effective for flux adhesion to the surface.  The velocities of the particle stream is adjusted so that the flux particles adhere to the surface and the metal particles bounce off the surface.  At higher temperatures and velocities, the metal particles are co-deposited with the flux.
Raymond J. Kilmer
6,329,025 B1 Jun. 10, 1998 University of Texas System Board of Regents METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC POWDER DEPOSITION
DOWNLOAD Darwin G. Davis The present invention provides a method for depositing powder particles on a substrate.  The method comprises forming a planar plasma armature, accelerating the plasma armature, accelerating a column of gas with the plasma armature; and accelerating the powder particles with the column of gas.  The present invention provides for a railgun, comprinsing first and second conducting rails, and first and second insulating rails.  The insulating and conducting rails form a bore of the railgun.  The first and second conducting rails are separated by the insulating rails.  At least one of the rails has a port in the wall thereof, the port is adapted to introducing powder particles into the bore.
Robert L. Sledge 
Robert J. Polizzi
John R. Uglum, Jr.
Raymond C. Zowarka
William F. Weldon
James L. Bacon
6,344,237 B1 Mar. 3, 2000 Alcoa Inc. METHOD OF DEPOSITING FLUX OR FLUX AND METAL ONTO A METAL BRAZING SUBSTRATE
DOWNLOAD John B. Eye The present invention is directed to a means for the surface preparation of a metal or metal alloy substrate.  In the process of the present invention, a stream of a mixture of flux particles and metal particles is hurled at the substrate at velocities effective for flux adhesion to the surface.  The velocities of the particle stream is adjusted so that the flux particles adhere to the surface and the metal particles bounce off the surface.  At higher temperatures and velocities, the metal particles are co-deposited with the flux.
Raymond J. Kilmer
6,345,440 B1 Jul. 21, 2000 Ford Global Technologies Inc. METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING MULTI-LAYER ENGINE VAVLE GUIDES BY THERMAL SPRAY
DOWNLOAD Oludele Olusegun Popoola A method of making valve guides by thermal spraying a wear-resistant layer onto a rotating mandrel that is subsequently built up by thermal spraying steel on the wear-resistant layer.  A flame spray polymer lubricant may be applied to the wear-resistant layer to improve self-lubricating properties of the engine valve guide.  The mandrel and  applied layers are then cut off and the remaining segment is further processed in a machining operation to remove the mandrel from inside of the engine valve guide.  The mandrel is preferably cooled as the thermal spray is applied preferably by routing a cooling fluid such as air through the mandrel.
Robert Corbly McCume
Larry Van Reatherford
6,348,687 B1 Sep. 10, 1999 Sandia Corporation AERODYNAMIC BEAM GENERATOR FOR LARGE PARTICLES
DOWNLOAD John R. Torczynski A new type of aerodynamic particle beam generator is disclosed.  This generator produces a tightly focused beam of large material particles at velocities ranging from a few feet per second to supersonic speeds, depending on the exact configuration and operating conditions.  Such generators are of particular interest for use in additive fabrication techniques.
Ronald C. Dykhuizen
Richard A. Neiser
Mark F. Smith
John E. Brockmann
6,364,932 B1 02-May-00 The BOC Group COLD GAS-DYNAMIC SPRAYING PROCESS
DOWNLOAD Arthur I. Shirley The present invention provides an improved cold gasdynamic spraying process utilizing a carrier gas and smalldiameter particulates whereby the particulate-laden carrier gas is directed to a ceramic filter unit where the particulates arc scparatcd out and thc particulatc-frcc carricr gas is analyzed and returned to the spraying process or to other gas purification systems.
Michael Joseph McGowan
Daniel Arthur Morgan
Wenchang Ji, Doylestown
6,365,222 B1 Oct. 27, 2000 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation ABRADABLE COATING APPLIED WITH COLD SPRAY TECHNIQUE
DOWNLOAD David B. Allen A cold spray process (20) for applying an abradable coating (16) to a substrate material (12). A bond coat layer (14) andlor an abradable coating material layer (16) are applied to a substrate (12) by directing particles of the material toward the substrate surface at a velocity sufficiently high to cause the particles to deform and to adhere to the surface. Particles of the bond coat material may first be directed toward the substrate surface at a velocity sufficiently high to clean the surface (24) but not su£€iciently high to cause the particles to deform and to adhere to the surface.
Brij B. Seth
Gregg P. Wagner
6,402,050 B1 Oct. 27, 1997   APPARATUS FOR GAS-DYNAMIC COATING
DOWNLOAD Oleg Fedorovich Klyuev The apparatus is comprised of a compressed air source which is connected by a gas conduit to a heating unit whose outlet is connected to a supersonic nozzle inlet in which a supersonic portion is connected by a conduit to a powder feeder. Compressed air of presslire Po from the compressed air source by the gas conduit is delivered to the heating unit to be heated to the required temperature. The heated air enters the supersonic nozzle in which it is accelerated to a speed of several hundred meters per second. The powdered material is passed from the powder feeder by the powder feeding conduit to the supersonic nozzle portion in which it is accelerated by the air flow at section of the nozzle from the injection point to the nozzle outlet.
Timur Valerievich Buzdygar
Alexandr Ivanovich Kashirin
6,408,928 B1 Sep. 8, 2000 Linde Gas Aktiengesellschaft PRODUCTION OF FOAMABLE METAL COMPACTS AND METAL FOAMS
DOWNLOAD Heinrich Kreye A compact body is made by thermal spraying by highvelocity flame spraying or by cold-gas spraying. By heating the compact body to a temperature equal to or preferably above the breakdown temperature of the blowing agent, followed by cooling, porous hollow bodies or metal foams are produced.
Peter Heinrich, Germering
6,419,593 B1 Dec. 22, 1998 Linde Technische Gase GmbH GOLF CLUB HAVING A THERMIC-SPRAY COATING
DOWNLOAD Heinrich Kreye The invention relates to a golf club with a striking surface for striking golf balls. The golf club has a coating applied by a thermal spray method at least in the area of the striking surface. The club coatings are preferably applied by a high-speed flame spray method or by a cold gas spray method. For coating golf clubs by hot spraying, in particular metals, metal alloys, oxides, (especially N,0, andlor TiO,), carbides, borides, plastics, or mixtures of the above substances can be used as the spray materials.
Peter Heinrich, Germering
6,443,179 B1 Feb. 21, 2001 Sandia Corporation PACKAGING OF ELECTRO-MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES
DOWNLOAD Paul C. Galambos A new architecture for packaging surface micromachined electro-microfluidic devices is presented. This architecture relies on two scales of packaging to bring fluid to the device scale (picoliters) from the macro-scale (microliters). The architecture emulates and utilizes electronics packaging technology. The larger package consists of a circuit board with embedded fluidic channels and standard fluidic connectors (e.g. Fluidic Printed Wiring Board). The embedded channels connect to the smaller package, an Electro- Microfluidic Dual-Inline-Package (EMDIP) that takes fluid to the microfluidic integrated circuit (MIC). The fluidic connection is made to the back of the MIC through Boschetched holes that take fluid to surface micromachined channels on the front of the MIC. Electrical connection is made to bond pads on the front of the MIC.
John A. Emerson
Kenneth A. Peterson
Rachel K. Giunta
Robert D. Watson
Gilbert L. Benavides
6,444,259 B1 Jan. 30, 2001 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation THERMAL BARRIER COATING APPLIED WITH COLD SPRAY TECHNIQUE
DOWNLOAD Gregg P. Wagner Aprocess (20) for applying a thermal barrier coating (51) to a turbine component (50) including the step (34) of depositing a bond coating layer (56) by, directing solid particles using a cold spray process. The layer of bond coating material may have different depths (80,82) in different areas of the component (SO), and it may have different compositions (60,62) across its depth. The precise control afforded by the cold spray material deposition step allows the surface of the bond coating material layer to be formed with a predetermined surface roughness or with a plurality of micro-ridges (86) in order to optimize its bond to the overlying ceramic insulating layer (52).
Brij B. Seth
Ramesh Subramanian
6,455,465 B1 Aug. 10, 1999 Fuji Kihan Co. Ltd. PHOTOCATALYST COATED PRODUCTS AND A METHOD FOR PRODUCING A PHOTOCATALY ST LAYER
DOWNLOAD Yoshio Miyasaka A photocatalyst coated product having excellent photocatalytic functions including a decomposing function and a hydrophilic function achieved by forming on the surface of a product to be treated a titania layer as a photocatalyst having high hardness and high adhesion with the product to be treated, using an easy blasting treatment. The photocatalyst coated product has a decomposing function including deodorizing, antibacterial and soil-resisting actions, and also a hydrophilic function, which is provided by having a titania layer formed on the surface of a product to be treated by injecting a titanium or titanium alloy-containing powder against the surface of the product to be treated which is a metal product, a ceramic or a mixture of them.
6,464,933 BI Jun. 29, 2000 Ford Global Technologies Inc. FORMING METAL FOAM STRUCTURES
DOWNLOAD Ray Jahn A method of fabricating a foamed metal structure using a powder supply of metal particles, comprising: (a) introducing the powder supply along with foaming agent particles into a propellant gas to form a gaslparticle mixture stream; (b) projecting the mixture stream at a critical velocity of at least sonic velocity onto a metallic substrate to create a deposit of pressure-welded metal particles containing the admixed foaming agent; and (c) subjecting at least the coating of the substrate to a thermal excursion effective to activate expansion of the foaming agent while softening the metal particles for plastic deformation under the influence of the expanding gases.
Robert Corbly McCune
Oludele Olusegun Popoola
6,465,039 BI Aug. 13, 2001 General Motors Corporation METHOD OF FORMING A MAGNETOSTRICTIVE COMPOSITE COATING
DOWNLOAD Delphi Technologies Inc.
Thomas H. Van Steenkiste A low porosity, strong, composite magnetostrictive coating is formed on a substrate by low temperature, high velocity spraying of a particulate mixture of a magnetostrictive REFe, composition and a strong metallic matrix material. The practice is particularly useful for forming circumferential bands of composite magnetostrictive material on a round shaft such as an automobile steering column. An example of a composite material is the magnetostrictive SmFe, compound and iron or copper as the strengthening matrix material.
Jerome Joseph Moleski
Martin Stephen Meyer
Frederick Eugene Pinkerton
6,491,208 B2 Dec. 5, 2000 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation COLD SPRAY REPAIR PROCESS
DOWNLOAD Greg P. Wagner A proccss (30) for thc rcpair of a componcnt part (36,66) incorporating a cold spray process step (50) for depositing material particles (54) to fill a discontinuity (40) in the part surface (42) or to create a desired surface geometry (78) on the part (66). The cold spray process may be controlled to provide a grit blasting effect prior to depositing the material in order to remove contaminants (48) from the surface of the part. The material deposited (56) by the cold spray process may form a joint (78) between an insert (72) and the part (66). The process may be used to repair parts made of directionally solidified (DS) or single crystal (SC) base material (44) without causing a re-crystallization of the base material. The process may further be used to deposit repair material (56) over a braze material (22).
Brij B. Seth
Allister William James
6,502,767 B2 02-May-01 ASB Industries ADVANCED COLD SPRAY SYSTEM
DOWNLOAD Jeganathan Karthikeyan The invention relates to an improved design for a spray gun and application system for cold gas dynamic spraying of a metal, alloy, polymer, or mechanical mixtures thereof. The gun includes a rear housing comprising a powder inlet and a gas inlet, a front housing removably affixed to the rear housing and comprising an mixing cavity therein for mixing of the powder and gas and an exit therefrom, a nozzle holder having a bore disposed therethrough and removably affixed to the front housing, and a nozzle positioned within the nozzle holder, an interior taper of the nozzle holder bore complementing an exterior taper of the nozzle. The nozzle having an initially converging, subsequently diverging centrally disposed bore therein adapted to receive the mixed powder and gas from the mixing chamber.
Albert Kay
6,517,791 BI Dec. 4, 2000 Praxair Technology Inc. SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR GAS RECOVERY
DOWNLOAD Scot Eric Jaynes This invention is directed to a three-stage process for recovering and purifying a helium gas, and a system for using the three-stage process. The steps comprises a) introducing a gas from a cold spray forming chamber to a particulate removing apparatus to form a particulate-free helium gas, and recycling a first portion of the particulatefree helium gas back to the chamber; b) passing a second portion of the particulate-free helium gas to a first compressor prior to passing a helium gas purification membrane to form a purified helium gas and an exhaust gas, and passing the purified helium gas to mix with the first portion of particulate-free helium gas to the chamber; and c) passing a third portion of the particulate-free helium gas to a liquid separator apparatus to remove water and a receiver to dampen any pulsation to form a liquid-free helium gas, and recycling the liquid-free helium gas to said cold spray forming chamber.
6,528,123 B1 Jun. 28, 2000 Sandia Corporation COATING SYSTEM TO PERMIT DIRECT BRAZING OF CERAMICS
DOWNLOAD F. Michael Hosking This invention relates to a method for preparing the surface of a ceramic component that enables direct brazing using a non-active braze alloy. The present invention also relates to a method for directly brazing a ceramic component to a ceramic or metal member usin-g this method of surface preparation, and to articles produced by using this brazing method. The ceramic can be high purity alumina. The method comprises applying a first coating of a siliconbearing oxide material (e.g. silicon dioxide or mullite (3Al20,.2Si0,) to the ceramic. Next, a thin coating of active metal (e.g. Ti or V) is applied. Finally, a thicker coating of a non-active metal (e.g. Au or Cu) is applied. The coatings can be applied by physical vapor deposition (PVD). Alternatively, the active and non-active metals can be co-deposited (e.g. by sputtering a target made of mullite). After all of the coatings have been applied, the ceramic can be fired at a high temperature in a non-oxidizing environment to promote diffusion, and to enhance bonding of the coatings to the substrate. After firing, the metallized ceramic component can be brazed to other components using a conventional non-active braze alloy. Alternatively, the firing and brazing steps can be combined into a single step. This process can replace the need to perform a "molymanganese" metallization step.
Charles H. Cadden
6,541,883 B2 01-May-01 Walbro Corporation RFI SHIELD STRUCTURE FOR AN ELECTRIC MOTOR IN A FUEL PUMP HOUSING
DOWNLOAD Bradley L. Uffelman A shield structure for reducing radio frequency interference (RFI) from an electric motor situated within a fuel pump housing having an end with a fuel inlet and another end with a fuel outlet. The shield structure includes, first of all, an electrically insulative and hollow cup-like outer cover mountable on an end of the fuel pump housing adjacent the brushes and commutator of the electric motor. The outer cover has an inner surface, an outer surface, and preferably a fuel outlet opening defined therethrough. In addition, the shield stmcture includes an electrically conductive outer coat layer formed on substantially all of the outer surface of the outer cover. Lastly, the shield structure includes means for electrically grounding the outer coat layer to the electric motor of the fuel pump housing.
6,548,895 B1 Feb. 21, 2001 Sandia Corporation PACKAGING OF ELECTRO-MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES
DOWNLOAD Paul C. Galambos A new architecture for packaging surface micromachined electro-microfluidic devices is presented. This architecture relies on two scales of packaging to bring fluid to the device scale (picoliters) from the macro-scale (microliters). The architecture emulates and utilizes electronics packaging
John A. Emerson
Kenneth A. Peterson
Rachel K. Giunta
David Lee Zamora
Robert D. Watson
Gilbert L. Benavides
6,569,245 B2 Dec. 4, 2001 Rus Sonic Technology Inc. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR APPLYING A POWDER COATING
DOWNLOAD Aley Galeevich Mukhamedzyanov The invention relates to the technology of applying a coating of powder materials by spraying and can be used for producing a coating of metals; their mechanical mixtures and dielectrics, adding various functional properties to treated surfaces. The proposed method of applying a powder coating comprised as follows: producing a gas-carrier flow, mixing powder with it, accelerating the gas-powder flow in the nozzle, generating its preset profile, further simultaneously generating the second gas-carrier flow, heating it, generating its preset profile and accelerating it in the nozzle, after that superimposing the accelerated gas-powder flow of the preset profile over the gas-carrier flow of the preset profile, and directing the cumulative jet to an article.
Vladislav Kuzmich Semenchenko
Valery Korneevich Krysa
6,576,861 B2 23-May-01 The Research Foundation of State University of New York METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FINE FEATURE SPRAY DEPOSITION
DOWNLOAD Herbert Herman A system for fine feature spray deposition includes a substrate platform for supporting a substrate on which the features are to be deposited. A spray assembly is provided which includes a spray source for providing a stream of material to be deposited on a substrate, a collimator which is positioned in a path of the stream from said spray source and an aperture assembly, which is positioned downstream of the collimator with respect to the spray source and above the substrate platform. The aperture assembly defines at least one opening to pass a portion of the stream of material onto a surface of the substrate. A drive mechanism is provided which is coupled to at least one of the spray assembly and the substrate platform for inducing relative motion there between. A controller is coupled to the spray assembly and the drive mechanism to control the relative motion and the stream of material. The system allows fine features to be printed directly on a substrate with requiring a predefined mask. Multila~ers tructures, such as electrical components for circuits or sensor systems, can be formed by sequentially depositing features with various electrical properties.
Robert Greenlaw
Sanjay Sampath
6,592,935 B2 30-May-01 Ford Motor Company METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES USING KINETIC SPRAY
DOWNLOAD John Matthew Ginder A method of manufacturing electric machines comprised of geometrically patterned arrays of permanent magnets, soft magnetic materials, and electrical conductors deposited by kinetic spraying methods directly atop a carrier. The magnets and planar coils of the present invention may be integrally formed atop carriers to form electrical machines such as motors, generators, alternators, solenoids, and actuators. The manufacturing techniques used in this invention may produce highly defined articles that do not require additional shaping or attaching steps. Very high-purity permanent and soft magnetic materials, and conductors with low oxidation are produced.
Robert Corbly McCune
Franco Leonardi
6,592,947 B1 Apr. 12, 2002 Ford Global Technologies Inc. METHOD FOR SELECTIVE CONTROL OF CORROSION USING KINETIC SPRAYING
DOWNLOAD John Lawrence Bomback The present invention relates to methods for selectively enhancing corrosion protection of fabricated metal parts. One method of the present invention includes providing a non-galvanized metal sheet to be processed to form the fabricated metal part; selecting a localized region on the non-galvanized metal sheet; roughening the localized region for acceptance of a protective coating; applying a protective coating to localized region; and fabricating the nongalvanized metal sheet into a fabricated metal part. Another method includes providing a galvanized metal sheet; selecting a localized region on the galvanized metal sheet; applying a protective coating to the localized region; and fabricating the galvanized metal sheet into a fabricated metal part. Yet another method includes selecting a localized region on a fabricated metal part; roughening the localized region for acceptance of a protective coating; and applying the protective coating to the localized region.
Guilian Gao
Robert Corbly McCane
6,602,545 B1 Jul. 25, 2000 Ford Global Technologies Inc. METHOD OF DIRECTLY MAKING RAPID PROTOTYPE TOOLING HAVING FREE-FORM SHAPE
DOWNLOAD Furqan Z Shaikh A method and apparatus for directly making rapid prototype tooling from a computer model having a free-form shape. The method steps comprise essentially: (a) machining a soft metal tooling base so as to contour at least one free-form surface in conformity with the computer model; (b) cold-gas dynamic spraying the contoured surface to form superimposed impact welded metal particle layers, the layers consisting of at least one thermal management under-layer comprising primarily copper, and at least an outer wear resistant layer comprising primarily tool steel.
Howard Douglas Blair
Tsung-Yu Pan
6,620,645 B2 Nov. 16, 2001 G.T. Equipment Technologies Inc MAKING AND CONNECTING BUS BARS ON SOLAR CELLS
DOWNLOAD Yuepeng Wan A method for fabricating multi-cell solar devices using thermal spray deposition techniques to spray metal powder directly on solar cells and on the backing upon which solar cells are assembled, to form collection grid lines, bus bars, electrodes and interconnections between solar cells.
Alleppey V. Hariharan
Jonathan A. Talbott
Mohan Chandra
6,623,796 B1 Apr. 5, 2002 Delphi Technologies Inc. METHOD OF PRODUCING A COATING USING A KINETIC SPRAY PROCESS WITH LARGE PARTICLES AND NOZZLES FOR THE SAME
DOWNLOAD Thomas H. Van Steenkiste A method of depositing large particles having an average nominal diameter of greater than 106 microns up to 250 microns onto substrates using a kinetic spray system is disclosed. The method utilizes a powder injector tube having a reduced inner diameter and a de Lava1 type nozzle having an elongated throat to exit end length. The method permits deposition of much larger particles than previously possible.
6,627,814 B1 Mar. 22, 2002   HERMETICALLY SEALED MICRO-DEVICE PACKAGE WITH WINDOW
DOWNLOAD David H. Stark A method for manufacturing a cover assembly including a transparent window portion and a frame that can be joined to a micro-device package base to form a hermetically sealed micro-device package. First, a frame is provided having a continuous sidewall defining a frame aperture therethrough. The sidewall includes a frame seal-ring area circumscribing the frame aperture. The frame seal-ring area has a metallic surface. A sheet of a transparent material is provided having a window portion defined thereupon. The window portion has finished top and bottom surfaces. Next, a sheet seal-ring area on the sheet is prepared, the sheet seal-ring area circumscribing the window portion. Next, the prepared sheet seal-ring area of the sheet is metallized. Next, the frame is positioned against the sheet such that at least a portion of the frame seal-ring area and at least a portion of the sheet seal-ring area contact one another along a continuous junction region that circumscribes the window portion. Next, the junction region is heated until a metal-to-metal joint is formed between the frame and sheet all along the junction region, whereby a hermetic seal circumscribing the window portion is formed.
6,651,843 B2 Nov. 13, 2001 Flame-Spray Industries, Inc. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE CONTROLLED SUPPLY OF FEEDSTOCK TO A FEEDSTOCK PROCESSING FACILITY OPERATING AT HIGH PRESSURE
DOWNLOAD Daniel R. Marantz A feedstock feeder for supplying feedstock to a system operating at a level of pressure. The feedstock feeder includes a pressure vessel having a pressure which is higher than the level of pressure; a mechanical feeder portion which meters the flow of feedstock to the system, the mechanical feeder portion located within the pressure vessel; a feedstock supplier which supplies feedstock to the mechanical feeder portion, the feedstock supplier located within the pressure vessel; a drive mechanism for driving a dynamically moving portion attached to the drive mechanism, the dynamically moving portion coupled to the mechanical feeder portion for moving the mechanical feeder portion; and wherein all dynamic seals operating to seal about the dynamically moving portion are positioned within the pressure vessel.
Keith A. Kowalsky
6,682,774 B2 Jun. 7, 2002 Delphi Technologies Inc. DIRECT APPLICATION OF CATALYSTS TO SUBSTRATES FOR TREATMENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE
DOWNLOAD Michel Farid Sultan A method for direct application of a catalyst to a substrate for treatment of atmospheric pollution including ozone. The method includes applying a catalytic metal to a substrate utilizing a kinetic spray process. The process can be utilized to apply a base metal such as copper to a substrate and the base metal becomes the catalytically active oxide following application to the substrate. This system replaces a rnultistep process with a single step process to provide a catalytically active surface that can be utilized to reduce ground level ozone and other atmospheric pollutants.
Ming-Cheng Wu
Zhibo Zhao
John R. Smith
6,685,988 B2 Oct. 9, 2001 Delphi Technologies Inc. KINETIC SPRAYED ELECTRICAL CONTACTS ON CONDUCTIVE SUBSTRATES
DOWNLOAD George Albert Drew The present invention is directed to electrical contacts that comprise spaced electrically conductive particles embedded and bonded into the surface of conductors in which the particles have been kinetically sprayed onto the conductors with sufficient energy to form direct mechanical bonds between the particles and the conductors in a pre-selected location and particle number density that promotes high surface-to-surface contact and reduced contact resistance between the conductors.
Daniel William Gorkiewicz
Bryan A. Gillispie
Thomas H. Van Steenkiste
6,689,453 B2 Apr. 1, 2002 Research Foundation of State University of New York ARTICLES WITH NANOCOMPOSITE COATINGS
DOWNLOAD Sanjay Sampath A method of producing a nanocomposite coating without gaseous precursor reactants. A non-nanocrystalline particulate containing a polymorphic material in an atmospheric phase is introduced into a high-velocity gas jet. The projected particulate is allowed to impact a substrate at a velocity effective to cause at a least a portion of the polymorphic material to transform to a nanocrystalline, high pressure phase.
John Parise
Herbert Herman
Ramasis Goswami
6,706,319 B2 Jul. 26, 2002 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation MIXED POWDER DEPOSITION OF COMPONENTS FOR WEAR, EROSION AND ABRASION RESISTANT APPLICATIONS
DOWNLOAD Gregg P. Wagner An abrasive coating and a process for forming the abrasive coating by co-depositing hard particles within a matrix material onto a substrate using a cold spray process. The cold sprayed combination of hard particles and matrix material provides a coating that is wear, erosion and oxidation resistant. The abrasive coating may have different compositions across its depth. The hard particles may be deposited at different densities across the thickness of the matrix material. A first layer of the abrasive coating proximate the surface of the substrate may be devoid of hard particles.
Brij B. Seth
6,722,584 B2 Nov. 30, 2001 ASB Industries Inc. COLD SPRAY SYSTEM NOZZLE
DOWNLOAD Jeganathan Karthikeyan The invention relates to an improved design for a spray gun and application system for cold gas dynamic spraying of a metal, alloy, polymer, or mechanical mixtures thereof. The gun includes a rear housing comprising a powder inlet and a gas inlet, a front housing removably affixed to the rear housing and comprising an mixing cavity therein for mixing of the powder and gas and an exit therefrom, a nozzle holder having a bore disposed therethrough and removably affixed to the front housing, and a nozzle positioned within the nozzle holder, an interior taper of the nozzle holder bore complementing an exterior taper of the nozzle, said nozzle having an initially converging, subsequently diverging centrally disposed bore therein adapted to receive the mixed powder and gas from the mixing chamber.
Albert Kay
6,723,379 B2 Apr. 26, 2002   HERMETICALLY SEALED MICRO-DEVICE PACKAGE USING COLD-GAS DYNAMIC SPRAY MATERIAL DEPOSITION
DOWNLOAD David H. Stark A method for manufacturing a cover assembly including a transparent window portion and a metallic frame that can be joined to a micro-device package base to form a hermetically sealed micro-device package. A sheet of a transparent material is provided having a window portion defined thereupon, the window portion having finished top and bottom surfaces. A frame-attachment area is prepared on the sheet, the frame-attachment area circumscribing the window
6,726,953 B2 Dec. 26, 2000 Sintobrator Ltd. METHOD FOR DEPOSITING METAL HAVING HIGH CORROSION RESISTANCE AND LOW CONTACT RESISTANCE AGAINST CARBON ON SEPARATOR FOR FUEL CELL
DOWNLOAD Nippon Steel Corporation
Hiroshi Kihira A method for depositing a metal having a high corrosion resistance and a low contact resistance against carbon to a separator for a fuel cell enabling provision of an inexpensive separator for a fuel cell by depositing a metal having a high corrosion resistance and a low contact resistance against carbon to the surface of a metal conveniently by simple equipment while using as a preform a metal such as stainless steel or aluminum as a material having a high productivity and low price and in addition capable of reducing the weight by making the sheet thickness thin, comprising projecting to a separator of a unit cell for forming the fuel cell a solid plating material comprised of core particles having a higher hardness than the separator and coated with a metal having a high corrosion resistance and a low contact resistance against carbon so as to compulsorily deposit the metal coated on this solid plating material to the separator.
Wataru Hisada
6,742,257 B1 Oct. 2, 2001 Candescent Technologies Corporation METHOD OF FORMING POWDER METAL PHOSPHOR MATRIX AND GRIPPER STRUCTURES IN WALL SUPPORT
DOWNLOAD George B. Hopple A method of fabricating a support structure. In one embodiment, the method is comprised of providing a mold. The mold is for defining the physical dimension of the support structure. The mold is disposed upon a substrate surface. In one embodiment, the method is further comprised of depositing a powder into the mold. The present method is further comprised of compacting the powder deposited in the mold. The compacting forms the support structure. In one embodiment, the method is further comprised of removing the mold from the substrate surface upon which it is disposed. The removal of the mold exposes the support structure. The fabricated support structure is then implementable during assembly of a display device. In one embodiment, the powder deposited in the mold is a metal powder.
John D. Porter, Berkeley
Roger W. Barton
Bob L. Mackey
Theodore S. Fahlen
6,743,468 B2 Apr. 17, 2003 Delphi Technologies Inc. METHOD OF COATING WITH COMBINED KINETIC SPRAY AND THERMAL SPRAY
DOWNLOAD Thomas H. Van Steenkiste Disclosed is a system and a method for applying both a kinetic spray applied coating layer and a thermal spray applied layer onto a substrate using a single application nozzle. The system includes a higher heat capacity gas heater to permit oscillation between a kinetic spray mode wherein the particles being applied are not thermally softened and a thermal spray mode wherein the particles being applied are thermally softened prior to application. The system increases the versatility of the spray nozzle and addresses several problems inherent in kinetic spray applied coatings.
Brian K. Fuller
6,756,073 B2 Aug. 23, 2001   METHOD FOR APPLYING SEALING COATING WITH LOW GAS PERMEABILITY
DOWNLOAD Obschestvo S Ogranichennoi A method is provided for applying metallic or metal-ceramic coatings to a product surface, particularly during the manufacture and repair of pressurized articles and products which require increased corrosion resistance, heat resistance and other qualities. Compressed air is preliminary heated to a temperature of from 400 to 700' C., forming a high-velocity air flow in a supersonic nozzle. A powder material, which is a mechanical mixture of ceramic and metal powders, is accelerating by the flow and is applied to a product surface. The metal powder is a powder mixture of at least two metals, one of which is zinc powder in an amount of from 20 to 60% of the metal powder total weight. The presence of zinc in the powder material and the heating of the compressed air to 400 to 700' C. assures high-efficiency production of coatings having low gas-permeability and high coating-to-substrate bond strength.
Otvetstvennoctiju Obninsky Tsentr
Oleg Fedorovich Kljuev
Aleksandr Viktorovich Shkodkin
Aleksandr Ivanovich Kashirin
6,759,085 B2 Jun. 17, 2002 Sulzer Metco (US) Inc. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LOW PRESSURE COLD SPRAYING
DOWNLOAD Erich Muehlberger A cold spraying process for forming a coating of powder particles sprayed in a gas substantially at ambient temperature onto a workpiece is improved by placement in a low ambient pressure environment in which the pressure is substantially less than atmospheric pressure. The low pressure environment acts to substantially accelerate the sprayed powder particles, thereby forming an improved coating of the particles on the workpiece. The low ambient pressure environment is provided by a vacuum tank coupled to a vacuum pump and having both the workpiece and a cold spray gun located therein. The cold spray gun is coupled to a source of pressurized inert gas as well as to a feeder for providing a flow of the powder to be sprayed. A gas compressor downstream of the vacuum pump compresses gas from the vacuum tank for recycling to the source of pressurized gas. The source of pressurized gas is coupled to the cold spray gun where it may be heated by passing through a heating coil coupled to a source of electrical power, before being sprayed from a nozzle onto the workpiece. An arrangement of valves and injection ports enables the powder flow to be introduced at a selected one of a plurality of locations along the heating coil and the nozzle.
6,759,590 B2 Jul. 30, 2003   HERMETICALLY SEALED MICRO-DEVICE PACKAGE WITH WINDOW
DOWNLOAD David H. Stark A method lor manulacluring a cover assembly including a transparent window portion and a frame of gas-impervious material that can be hermetically attached to a micro-device package base to form a hermetically sealed micro-device package. First, a frame of gas-impervious material is provided, the frame having a continuous sidewall defining a frame aperture there through. The sidewall includes a frame seal-ring area circumscribing the frame aperture. A sheet of a transparent material is also provided, the sheet having a window portion defined thereupon. The window portion has finished top and bottom surfaces. A sheet seal-ring area is prepared on the sheet, the sheet seal-ring area circumscribing the window portion. The frame is positioned against the sheet such that at least a portion of the frame seal-ring area and at least a portion of the sheet seal-ring area contact one another along a continuous junction region that circumscribes the window portion. The frame is pressed against the sheet with sufficient force to produce a predetermined contact pressure between the frame seal-ring area and the sheet seal-ring area along the junction region. The junction region is heated to produce a predetermined temperature along the junction region. The predetermined contact pressure and the predetermined temperature are maintained until a diffusion bond is formed between the frame and sheet all along the junction region.
6,773,763 B2 Jul. 29, 2002 Ford Global Technologies Inc. METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A PERMANENT MAGNET USING KINETIC SPRAY
DOWNLOAD John Matthew Ginder A method of manufacturing a permanent magnet by the steps of preparing an admixture of magnetic material and binder material, the admixture material having a particle size of less than 325 mesh. Then heating a carrier gas to a temperature substantially below the melting point of either component of the admixture. The admixture is introduced into the carrier gas and the admixture is sprayed atop a ductile carrier. The admixture adheres to the carrier and forms a solid permanent magnet. An electric field is applied to the sprayed admixture to create a permanent magnetic moment.
Robert Corbly McCune
Franco Leonardi
6,780,458 B2 Aug. 1, 2002 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation WEAR AND EROSION RESISTANT ALLOYS APPLIED BY COLD SPRAY TECHNIQUE
DOWNLOAD Gregg P. Wagner Awear alloy coating (14) applied to a substrate material (12) by a cold spray process. Particles of the wear alloy coating material (16) are directed toward a target surface (18) of the substrate at a velocity suficiently high for the particles to deform and to adhere to the target surface. The size and composition of the particles may be varied during the cold spray process to produce a coating with a varying property across the depth of the coating. Particles of the wear alloy material may be applied by cold spraying along with particles of a second material such as a lubricant or a ceramic material. For Group 5 hard facing materials, the size and distribution of the embedded carbide nodules may be controlled by controlling the selection of the carbide particles being sprayed. The cold spray process permits a wear alloy coating to be applied proximate a brazed joint or over a directionally stabilized or single crystal material without degrading the underlying material.
Brij B. Seth
6,803,078 B2 Jul. 26, 2001 DaimlerChrysler AG PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A SURFACE LAYER
DOWNLOAD Patrick Izquierdo The invention relates to a process for producing a surface layer with embedded inter-metallic phases, which is distinguished by the fact that a layer comprising a metal and a ceramic is applied to a substrate element, that a reaction takes place between the metal and the ceramic of the layer as a result of energy being introduced during the application of the layer or as a result of a subsequent introduction of energy, and as a result the surface layer is produced, with inter-metallic phases being formed.
Michael Scheydecker
Oliver Storz
Tanja Tschirge
Karl-Ludwig Weisskopf
Tilman Haug
6,794,059 B2 Apr. 25, 2001 Standard Aero Limited MULTILAYER THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS
DOWNLOAD Kartik Shanker The present invention relates to a thin impermeable top coat on a thermal barrier coating for a metal part, such as a turbine blade, wherein the composite thin top coat is porous, inert, non-sacrificial, less permeable ceramic layer that eliminates the infiltration of environmental contaminants into the thermal barrier coating during operation of the metal part, thereby extending the life of the underlying thermal barrier coating and metal part thereunder.
6,808,755 B2 Apr. 2, 2003 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha THERMAL SPRAYING METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED ADHESION STRENGTH
DOWNLOAD Kouta Kodama A thermal spraying method includes the steps of: (1) preparing a speed-increasing means for adding energy to the heated material or the heating material to increase a flying speed of the material; and (2) adding energy to the heated material or the heating material by the speed-increasing means in such a manner that a flying speed of the heated material or the heating material increases until the material reaches a surface of an object.
Ikuo Marumoto
Noritaka Miyamoto
6,808,817 B2 Mar. 15, 2002 Delphi Technologies Inc. KINETICALLY SPRAYED ALUMINUM METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT
DOWNLOAD Alaa A. Elmoursi Disclosed is a method for forming a heat sink laminate and a heat sink laminate formed by the method. In the method a particle mixture is formed from a metal, an alloy or mixtures thereof with a ceramic or mixture of ceramics. The mixture is kinetically sprayed onto a first side of a dielectric material to form a metal matrix composite layer. The second side of the dielectric material is thermally coupled to a heat sink baseplate, thereby forming the heat sink laminate.
Thomas H. Van Steenkiste
Brian K. Fuller
Bryan A. Gillispie
Daniel W. Gorkiewicz
Donald T. Morelli
6,811,812 B2 Apr. 5, 2002 Delphi Technologies Inc. LOW PRESSURE POWDER INJECTION METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR A KINETIC SPRAY PROCESS
DOWNLOAD Thomas H. Van Steenkiste Disclosed is a method and a nozzle for a kinetic spray system that uses much lower powder pressures than previously used in kinetic spray systems. The method permits one to significantly decrease the cost of the powder delivery portion of the system, to run the system at higher temperatures for increased deposition efficiency and to eliminate clogging of the nozzle. The nozzle is a supersonic nozzle having a throat located between a converging region and a diverging region, with the diverging region defined between the throat and an exit end. At least one injector is positioned between the throat and the exit end with the injector in direct communication with the diverging region. The powder particles to be sprayed are injected through the at least one injector and entrained in a gas flowing through the nozzle. The entrained particles are accelerated to a velocity sufficient to cause them to adhere to a substrate positioned opposite the nozzle.
6,821,558 B2 Jul. 24, 2002 Delphi Technologies Inc. METHOD FOR DIRECT APPLICATION OF FLUX TO A BRAZING SURFACE
DOWNLOAD Bryan A. Gillispie A method is for direct application of a brazing flux material to a brazing surface. The method includes the step of applying a brazing filler material to a substrate utilizing a kinetic spray process to form a brazing surface. Following application of the brazing filler material to the substrate brazing flux material can be directly applied to the brazing surface as either a dry powder or a wet slurry. The nature of the brazing surface allows the applied flux material to adhere to the surface without the utilization of additional binders or resin materials.
John R. Smith
Thomas H. Van Steenkiste
Yang Luo
Zhibo Zhao
6,892,954 B2 Jun. 4, 2003 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation METHOD FOR CONTROLLING A SPRAY PROCESS
DOWNLOAD Vasudevan Srinivasan A method is provided for controlling a spray process that may include measuring a particle property associated with a spray jet of particles, calculating a centroid for the measured particle property and using the calculated centroid as a control parameter for controlling the spray process. At least one operating parameter associated with the spray process may be adjusted in response to the calculated centroid to change a trajectory of at least a portion of the particles within the spray jet of particles. The operating parameter may be adjusted so that an ensemble of particles having the highest measured temperature and an ensemble of particles having the highest measured velocity and an ensemble of particles having the highest measured flow rate are moved more closely together to create a common region proximate a surface of a substrate to be coated by the spray process. This may be done manually prior to a coating run or continuously during a run using a closed-loop feedback circuit (43) in a computer-controlled (38) spray system.
6,896,933 B2 Apr. 5, 2002 Delphi Technologies Inc. METHOD OF MAINTAINING A NONOBSTRUCTED INTERIOR OPENING IN KINETIC SPRAY NOZZLES
DOWNLOAD Thomas H. Van Steenkiste A method of maintaining a non-obstructed interior opening in a kinetic spray nozzle is disclosed. The method includes the steps of providing a mixture of particles including first particle population and a second particle population; entraining the mixture of particles into a flow of a gas at a temperature below the melt temperature of the particle populations; and directing the mixture of particles entrained in the flow of gas through a supersonic nozzle to accelerate the first particle population to a velocity sufficient to result in adherence of the first particle population on a substrate positioned opposite the nozzle. The operating conditions of the kinetic spray system are selected such that the second particle population is not accelerated to a velocity sufficient to result in adherence when it impacts the substrate. The inclusion of the second particle population maintains the supersonic nozzle in a non-obstructed condition and also enables one to raise the main gas operating temperature to a much higher level, thereby increasing the deposition efficiency of the first particle population.
John R. Smith
Daniel William Gorkiewicz
Alaa A. Elmoursi
Bryan A. Gillispie
Nilesh B. Patel
6,962,834 B2 Nov. 14, 2003   WAFER-LEVEL HERMETIC MICRO-DEVICE PACKAGES
DOWNLOAD David H. Stark A method for manufacturing a hermetically sealed microdevice package encapsulating a micro-device. The package includes a transparent window allowing light to pass into and out of a cavity containing the micro-device. A first frame-attachment area is prepared on semiconductor substrate having a micro-device operably disposed thereupon, the first frame-attachment area having a plan that circumscribes the micro-device. A second frame-attachment area is prepared on a sheet of transparent material, the second frame-attachment area having a plan that circumscribes a window aperture portion of the sheet. A framelspacer is positioned between the semiconductor substrate and the sheet, the framelspacer including a continuous sidewall having a plan on one side substantially corresponding to, and substantially in register with, the plan of the first frameattachment area, having a plan on the opposite side substantially corresponding to, and substantially in register with, the plan of the second frame-attachment area, and having a height that exceeds the height of the micro-device. Next the substrate, framelspacer and window are bonded together to form a hermetically sealed package encapsulating the microdevice in a cavity below the window aperture portion of the transparent sheet.
7,001,671 B2 Oct. 1, 2003 Delphi Technologies Inc. KINETIC SPRAYED ELECTRICAL CONTACTS ON CONDUCTIVE SUBSTRATES
DOWNLOAD George Albert Drew The present invention is directed to electrical contacts that comprise spaced electrically conductive particles embedded and bonded into the surface of conductors in which the particles have been kinetically sprayed onto the conductors with sufficient energy to form direct mechanical bonds between the particles and the conductors in a pre-selected location and particle number density that promotes high surface-to-surface contact and reduced contact resistance between the conductors.
Daniel William Gorkiewicz
Bryan A. Gillispie
Thomas H. Van Steenkiste
7,070,835 B2 Jun. 9, 2003 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation METHOD FOR APPLYING A COATING TO A SUBSTRATE
DOWNLOAD Andrew Jeremiah Burns A exemplary method of depositing a coating on a substrate using a spray process is provided that may include selecting a desired dominant feature (62) for the coating and controlling the spray process (64, 68) to have at least one of an in-flight particle temperature distribution and an in-flight particle velocity distribution predicted to produce the dominant feature. One aspect allows for adjusting (64, 68) the at least one distribution to cause the distribution to shift from an in-flight Gaussian particle distribution to an in-flight non-Gaussian particle distribution. It may be determined whether the dominant feature for the coating is deposited within acceptable limits (66) and adjusting the at least one in-flight particle distribution (68) if the dominant feature for the coating is not deposited within acceptable limits. One aspect allows for depositing on the substrate a spray jet of particles having a bimodal distribution of particle temperature and a bimodal distribution of particle velocity. These bimodal distributions may be tailored or adjusted (64,68) to achieve a desired dominant feature of the coating. Aplurality of particle distributions may be evaluated (60) to determine at least one respective dominant feature that is a characteristic of a coating applied using the respective evaluated particle distribution. At least one dominant feature to be a characteristic of the coating may be determined (62) and at least one of the evaluated particle distributions predicted to produce the at least one dominant feature may be selected (63) to form the non-Gaussian distribution.
7,163,715 Dec. 30, 2002 Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SPRAY PROCESSING OF POROUS MEDICAL DEVICE
DOWNLOAD Pamela A Kramer Thermal spray processing and cold spray processing are utilized to manufacture porous starting materials (such as tube stock, wire and substrate sheets) from biocompatible metals, metal alloys, ceramics and polymers that may be further processed into porous medical devices, such as stents. The spray processes are also used to form porous coatings on consolidated biocompatible medical devices. The porous substrates and coatings may be used as a reservoir to hold a drug or therapeutic agent for elution in the body. The spray-formed porous substrates and coatings may be functionally graded to allow direct control of drug elution without an additional polymer topcoat. The spray processes are also used to apply the drug or agent to the porous substrate or coating when drug or agent is robust enough to withstand the temperatures and velocities of the spray process with minimal degradation.
7,169,210 Jul. 31, 2002 Praxair Technology Inc. CONTROL SYSTEM FOR HELIUM RECOVERY
DOWNLOAD Mohamed Safdar Allie Baksh The present invention relates to a gas recycling system that includes a) a source of gas having a predetermined purity; b) an application system that uses the gas and adds contaminants to the gas; c) an adsorption system for removing the contaminants from the gas to produce a purified gas and a waste gas; d) a gas purity analyzer for measuring the amount of the contaminants in the waste gas; and e) conduits connecting the gas source to the application system, and the application system to the adsorption system.
Scot Eric Jaynes
Bernard Thomas Neu
James Smolarek
Mark Thomas Emley
7,170,001 Jun. 26, 2003 Advent Solar Inc. FABRICATION OF BACK-CONTACTED SILICON SOLAR CELLS USING THERMOMIGRATION TO CREATE CONDUCTIVE VIAS
DOWNLOAD Sandia Corporation
James M Gee Methods of manufacturing back-contacted silicon solar cells fabricated using a gradient-driven solute transport process, such as thermomigration or electromigration, to create n-type conductive vias connecting the n-type emitter layer on the front side to n-type ohmic contacts located on the back side.
Russell R. Schmit
7,175,921 Oct. 23, 2001 National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology, Toto Ltd. COMPOSITE STRUCTURE BODY AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THEREOF
DOWNLOAD Hironori Hatono A structure body having the constitution in which the crystals of a brittle material such as a ceramic, a metalloid and the like and the crystals or the microstructures (the microstructure bodies composed of amorphous metal layers and an organic substance) of a ductile material such as a metal and the like are dispersed, the structure bodies (the portion composed of the brittle material) are polycrystalline, the crystals constituting the structure bodies substantially lack the crystalline orientation, and boundary layers composed of glassy substances are substantially absent in the boundary face between the crystals. It is thereby possible to obtain a structure body having novel characteristics, composed of a brittle material and a ductile material, without involving a heating/sintering process.
Masakatsu Kiyohara
Katsuhiko Mori
Tatsuro Yokoyama
Atsushi Yoshida
Tomokazu Ito
Jun Akedo
7,178,446 Feb. 28, 2005 Caterpillar Inc. CYLINDER ROD WITH POSITION SENSOR SURFACE MARKINGS
DOWNLOAD Trent Steven Kucher A cylinder rod with wear-resistant surface markings is provided. The cylinder rod may include a rod substrate, a thermal-spray coating disposed on a surface of the substrate, and one or more surface markings disposed on the coating at predetermined locations along the length of the cylinder rod.
Karen Renee Raab
Xiangyang Jiang
7,178,744 Nov. 22, 2004 Innovative Technology Inc. SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR SOLID-STATE DEPOSITION AND CONSOLIDATION OF HIGH VELOCITY POWDER PARTICLES USING THERMAL PLASTIC DEFORMATION
DOWNLOAD Ralph M. Tapphorn The invention relates to an apparatus and process for solidstate deposition and consolidation of powder particles entrained in a subsonic or sonic gas jet onto the surface of an object. Under high velocity impact and thermal plastic deformation, the powder particles adhesively bond to the substrate and cohesively bond together to form consolidated materials with metallurgical bonds. The powder particles and optionally the surface of the object are heated to a temperature that reduces yield strength and permits plastic deformation at low flow stress levels during high velocity impact, but which is not so high as to melt the powder particles.
Howard Gabel
7,179,539 Jul. 29, 2002 Ford Global Technologies Inc. ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICE
DOWNLOAD Franco Leonardi An electric machine made from kinetically sprayed permanent magnet material and a binder material form a composite admixture having microstructure of permanent magnet material embedded in the binder material. The admixture has a permanent magnetic moment. The magnets of the present invention may be integrally formed atop carriers to form electrical machines such as motors, generators, alternators, solenoids, and actuators. The Manufacturing techniques used in this invention may produce highly defined articles that do not require additional shaping or attaching steps. Very high-purity permanent and soft magnetic materials, and conductors with low oxidation are produced.
John Ginder
Robert Corbly McCune
7,187,083 Nov. 25, 2003 Fry's Metals Inc. THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIAL AND SOLDER PREFORMS
DOWNLOAD Brian G. Lewis A solder preform having multiple layers including a solder layer filled with additives interposed between two unfilled layers for improved wettability. A solder preform having a sphere which contains a solder material filled with additives, and an unfilled surface layer for improved wettability. A thermal interface material having a bonding component and an additive component which is a CTE modifYing component and/or a thermal conductivity enhancement component. Active solders containing intrinsic oxygen getters.
Bawa Singh
P. Laughlin
David V. Kyaw
Anthony E. Ingham
Attiganal N. Sreeram
Leszek Hozer
Michael J. Liberatore
Gerard R. Minogue
Yorba Linda
7,198,858 Oct. 21, 2003 Rolls-Royce PLC. METHOD OF VIBRATION DAMPING IN METALLIC ARTICLES
DOWNLOAD Mark H. Shipton A metal is used as a predominant component ofan outermost metallic portion of a ceramic-containing and metal-containing vibration damping coating for a metallic article, for the
purpose of enhancing resistance of the coating to foreign object damage and/or erosion while substantially maintaining or enhancing vibration damping performance of the coating.
Sophoclis Patsias
7,201,940 Ju. 12, 2001 Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THERMAL SPRAY PROCESSING OF MEDICAL DEVICES
DOWNLOAD Pamela A Kramer The invention relates to devices for the treatment of heart disease and particularly to endo-arterial prostheses, which are commonly called stents. More particularly, the invention relates to methods of manufacturing and coating stents utilizing thermal spray processing (TSP). In one aspect the invention involves the use ofTSP for the manufacture offine grained tubing for subsequent use as a stent or other tubular or ring-based implant, or the manufacture of intermediate sized tubing that may then be drawn to final size tubing and for the coating of a stent. An average grain size of less than 64 microns is achieved by the invention resulting in a stent having an annular wall average thickness of about eight or more grains.
7,208,193 Oct. 26, 2004 United Technologies Corporation NON-OXIDIZABLE COATING
DOWNLOAD Joseph J. Parkos Jr. A substrate is coated by applying an essentially pure aluminum first layer to a surface of the substrate. At least a first portion of the first layer is oxidized so as to provide a protective coating of desired properties. The substrate may be a refractory metal-based investment casting core.
Gary M. Lomasney
Joshua E. Persky
7,238,546 Jun. 29,2004   HERMETICALLY SEALED MICRO-DEVICE PACKAGE WITH WINDOW
DOWNLOAD David H. Stark A method for manufacturing a cover assembly including a transparent window portion and a frame of gas-impervious material that can be hermetically attached to a micro-device package base to form a hermetically sealed micro-device package. First, a frame of gas-impervious material is provided, the frame having a continuous sidewall defining a frame aperture there through. The sidewall includes a frame seal-ring area circumscribing the frame aperture. A sheet of a transparent material is also provided, the sheet having a window portion defined thereupon. The window portion has finished top and bottom surfaces. A sheet seal-ring area is prepared on the sheet, the sheet seal-ring area circumscribing the window portion. The frame is positioned against the sheet such that at least a portion of the frame seal-ring area and at least a portion of the sheet seal-ring area contact one another along a continuous junction region that circumscribes the window portion. The frame is pressed against the sheet with sufficient force to produce a predetermined contact pressure between the frame seal-ring area and the sheet seal-ring area along the junction region. The junction region is heated to produce a predetermined temperature along the junction region. The predetermined contact pressure and the predetermined temperature are maintained until a diffusion bond is formed between the frame and sheet all along the junction region.
7,244,466 Mar. 24, 2004 Delphi Technologies Inc. KINETIC SPRAY NOZZLE DESIGN FOR SMALL SPOT COATINGS AND NARROW WIDTH STRUCTURES
DOWNLOAD Thomas H. Van Steenkiste An improved nozzle for use in kinetic spray systems is disclosed. The nozzle includes a supersonic portion comprising a tubular section and a flow regulator. A portion of the flow regulator is received in the tubular portion. The flow regulator includes a biconical flow concentrator that allows one to create very small dimension coatings on substrates. Using the present nozzle enables one to create spot coatings and very narrow width line coatings that find use in electrical components.
7,244,512 Feb. 6, 2004 Ford Global Technologies Inc. METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES USING KINETIC SPRAY
DOWNLOAD John Ginder A method of manufacturing electric machines comprised of geometrically patterned arrays of permanent magnets, soft magnetic materials, and electrical conductors deposited by kinetic spraying methods directly atop a carrier. The magnets and planar coils of the present invention may be integrally formed atop carriers to form electrical machines such as motors, generators, alternators, solenoids, and actuators. The manufacturing techniques used in this invention may produce highly defined articles that do not require additional shaping or attaching steps. Very high-purity permanent and soft magnetic materials, and conductors with low oxidation are produced.
Robert Corbly McCume
Franco Leonardi
7,255,934 Oct. 23, 2001 National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology, Toto Ltd. COMPOSITE STRUCTURE BODY AND METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING THEREOF
DOWNLOAD Hironori Hatono A structure body having the constitution in which the crystals of more than one types of brittle materials such as ceramics, metalloids, and the like are dispersed, a portion composed of the brittle materials is polycrystalline, the crystals constituting the polycrystalline portion substantially lacks the crystalline orientation, and boundary layers composed of glassy substances are substantially absent in the boundary face between the crystals. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain a structure body composed of more than one types of brittle materials and having novel properties without involving a heating/sintering process.
Masakatsu Kiyohara
Katsuhiko Mori
Tatsuro Yokoyama
Atsushi Yoshida
Tomokazu Ito
Jun Akedo
7,256,431 Nov. 22,2005 Fuji Electric Holdings Co. Ltd. INSULATING SUBSTRATE AND SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE HAVING A THERMALLY SPRAYED CIRCUIT PATTERN
DOWNLOAD Kenji Okamoto An insulating substrate includes a metal base as a base member, an insulating layer which is a room temperature, aerosol deposited shock solidification film formed on the metal base, and a circuit pattern which is a cold sprayed thermal spray coating formed on the insulating layer. A semiconductor device incorporates the insulating substrate, and thereby has improved heat radiation characteristics.
7,273,075 Feb. 7, 2006 Innovative Technology Inc. BRUSH-SIEVE POWDER-FLUIDIZING APPARATUS FOR FEEDING NANO-SIZE AND ULTRA-FINE POWDERS
DOWNLOAD Ralph Tapphorn A powder-fluidizing apparatus is presented which is applicable to feeding ultra-fine and nano-size powders, and powders with a broad particle size distribution, in a uniform manner over a long period of time. Generally, this is accomplished by using a rotating brush to sweep the powder through holes in a removable sieve plate, which breaks up agglomerated particles in the powder and controls the powder feed rate. The powder then drops from the holes into a funnel, where it is fluidized by being entrained into a carrier gas, and then flows through the funnel out of the apparatus to an applicator. The funnel surface is vibrated to avoid powder build-up on the surface that can break loose and cause pulses of increased material in the powder flow. Ultrasonic waves are introduced into the funnel to break up any agglomerated particles remaining in the powder before it reaches the applicator.
Howard Gabel
7,278,353 Oct. 9,2007 Surface Treatment Technologies Inc. REACTIVE SHAPED CHARGES AND THERMAL SPRAY METHODS OF MAKING SAME
DOWNLOAD Timothy Langan Shaped charge liners are made of reactive materials formed by thermal spray techniques. The thermally sprayed reactive shaped charge materials have low porosity and high structural integrity. Upon detonation, the reactive materials of the shaped charge liner undergo an exothermic reaction that raises the temperature and the effectiveness of the liner.
Michael A Riley
W Mark Buchta
7,282,679 May 8, 2006 Leoni Aktiengesellschaft ELECTRICAL CONTACT CONNECTION AND METHOD FOR FORMING SUCH A CONTACT CONNECTION
DOWNLOAD Gerhard Reichinger In order to make it possible to produce a secure and permanent contact connection between an electrical conductor made from a soft material, in particular an aluminum conductor, and a contact element made from a harder material, the conductor is encapsulated at least partially in a contact region by an electrically conductive material. The electrically conductive material is harder than the soft material of the conductor. The electrically conductive material is applied with the aid of a thermal spraying process, with the result that there is a pressure-free electrical connection between the soft material and the sprayed-on material. Electrical contact is made with the contact element indirectly via the sprayed-on material. The thermal encapsulation by the spraying in the contact region makes it possible for a reliable electrical contact to be made even in the case of soft materials having a tendency towards cold flow.
7,293,597 Sep. 26, 2006 United Technologies Corporation NON-OXIDIZABLE COATING
DOWNLOAD Joseph J Parkos, Jr A substrate is coated by applying an essentially pure aluminum first layer to a surface of the substrate. At least a first portion of the first layer is oxidized so as to provide a protective coating of desired properties. The substrate may be a refractory metal-based investment casting core.
Gary M Lomasney
Joshua E Persky
7,294,172 Jul. 31, 2002 Praxair Technology, Inc. HELIUM RECOVERY
DOWNLOAD Mohamed Safdar Allie Baksh A gas recovery system comprising a source of gas having a preselected concentration of a desired component (9), at least one application (1) that adds impurities to said gas, and at least one an adsorption system (6) that purifies said gas to produce a purified gas for re-use in application (1), wherein said at least one adsorption system includes at least one adsorbent bed (A) having at least three layers of adsorbents. A recovery process is also disclosed.
Scot E Jaynes
Bernard T Neu
James Smolarek
Mark T Emley
7,320,832 Dec. 9, 2005 Integran Technologies Inc. FINE-GRAINED METALLIC COATINGS HAVING THE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION MATCHED TO THE ONE OF THE SUBSTRATE
DOWNLOAD Gino Palumbo Fine-grained (average grain size 1 nm to 1,000 nm) metallic coatings optionally containing solid particulates dispersed therein are disclosed. The fine-grained metallic materials are significantly harder and stronger than conventional coatings of the same chemical composition due to Hall-Petch strengthening and have low linear coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs). The invention provides means for matching the CTE of the fine-grained metallic coating to the one of the substrate by adjusting the composition of the alloy and/or by varying the chemistry and volume fraction of particulates embedded in the coating. The fine-grained metallic coatings are particularly suited for strong and lightweight articles, precision molds, sporting goods, automotive parts and components exposed to thermal cycling. The low CTEs and the ability to match the CTEs of the fine-grained metallic coatings with the CTEs of the substrate minimize dimensional changes during thermal cycling and prevent premature failure.
Jonathan McCrea
Klaus Tomantschger
Iain Brooks
Daehyun Jeong
Dave Limoges
Konstantinos Panagiotopoulos
Erb Uwe
7,322,099 Apr. 25, 2005 Inglass S.p.A. METHOD FOR PRODUCING HEATED COMPONENTS FOR INJECTION MOULDING APPARATUS
DOWNLOAD Gianfranco Cirri A method for producing components for injection moulding comprising a body made of thermally conducting material with expansion coefficient matching that of the insulating layers and provided with a passage for the material to be injected. At least one strip of electrically conducting material with high change of resistance with temperature, forming a heating resistor or inductor is applied on a electrically insulating base layer previously directly applied on the body. At least one final insulating layer with low thermal emissivity is then applied to optimise electrical efficiency. The method utilises thermal spray techniques and can be applied also for production of other heating equipment.
Maria Prudenziati
7,335,341 Oct. 30, 2003 Delphi Technologies Inc. METHOD FOR SECURING CERAMIC STRUCTURES AND FORMING ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS ON THE SAME
DOWNLOAD Thomas H. Van Steenkiste A new kinetic spray process is disclosed that enables one to secure a plurality of ceramic elements together quickly without the need for glues or other adhesives. The process finds special utilization in the formation of non-thermal plasma reactors wherein the kinetic spray process can be used to simultaneously secure the ceramic elements together and to form electrical connections between like electrodes in the non-thermal plasma reactor.
Joseph V. Mantese
Bob Xiaobin Li
Pertrice A.Wethey
Robert P. Johnston
David E. Nelson
7,338,724 Jan. 4, 2007 National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology, Toto Ltd. COMPOSITE STRUCTURE BODY AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THEREOF
DOWNLOAD Hironori Hatono The present invention provides a composite structure body obtained through processes of forming composite fine particles by way of a process in which a surface of brittle material fine particles is coated with at least one type of ductile material, bombarding the composite fine particles at a high velocity against a surface of a substrate, mutual rejoining of the composite fine particles is made through intermediary of a newly generated active surface formed by distortion or fracture, and thereby forming a structure body, above an anchor portion, in which crystals of the brittle material and crystals and/or microstructures of the ductile material fine particles are dispersed, and imparting internal distortion to the brittle material fine particles.
Masakatsu Kiyohara
Katsuhiko Mori
Tatsuro Yokoyama
Atsushi Yoshida
Tomokazu Ito
Jun Akedo
7,351,450 Oct. 2, 2003 Delphi Technologies Inc. CORRECTING DEFECTIVE KINETICALLY SPRAYED SURFACES
DOWNLOAD Brian K. Fuller Disclosed is a method for repairing defects in kinetically sprayed surfaces. The typical defects comprise isolated or connected conical shaped holes in the kinetic spray coating. The repair involves thermally spraying a molten material into the defective area to fill in the cone followed by continued kinetic spraying to complete the coating.
Alaa A. Elmoursi
Kenneth M. Rahmoeller
7,360,678 Jan. 25, 2005 United Technologies Corporation REPAIR AND RECLASSIFICATION OF SUPERALLOY COMPONENTS
DOWNLOAD Norman Pietruska Novel materials and methods for repairing/reclassifying superalloy components are described herein. These materials are non-traditional blends of materials having a much higher base material content than traditional repair/reclassification materials. In embodiments used to repair/reclassify nickel-based components, these materials may comprise about 5-18.9 weight percent of a low melting point alloy and about 81.1-95 weight percent of a base material. In embodiments used to repair/reclassify cobalt-based components, these materials may comprise about 15-30 weight percent of a low melting point alloy and about 70-85 weight percent of a base material. These materials can be used to repair surface defects and/or build up worn or eroded areas of a component to meet precise dimensional and metallurgical requirements. These materials create robust repaired components having a dense, isothermally solidified structure having minimal borides and a high re-melt temperature.
Walter E. Olson
Beth K. Abriles
David A. Rutz
7,367,488 May 10, 2005 Honeywell International Inc. METHOD OF REPAIR OF THIN WALL HOUSINGS
DOWNLOAD David A. Payne The present invention provides methods and materials for use in repairing a worn component having thin walls. One kind of thin wall may be the wall of a cylindrical portion of the component where such wall has a worn inner surface and an opposite outer surface. The method includes the steps of preparing the outer surface of the component for cold spraying; cold spraying material onto the outer surface so as to form a strengthening coating; reaming the inner surface so as to create a repair surface with a repair diameter greater than the inner diameter; and installing an insert on the repair surface. The thickness of the coating is selected so as to impart a desired degree of strength to the wall. The method allows the repair of expensive aluminum castings that would otherwise, because of the thin wall construction, not be suitable for repair.
Paul E. Garland
7,378,132 May 27, 2008 Honeywell International Inc. METHOD FOR APPLYING ENVIRONMENTAL-RESISTANT MCRALY COATINGS ON GAS TURBINE COMPONENTS
DOWNLOAD Federico Renteria There is provided a method for depositing a modified MCrAlY coating on a surface of a gas turbine engine component. The method includes cold gas dynamic spraying techniques to provide a metallurgical bond between a substrate, such as a superalloy substrate, and the modified MCrAlY composition. The method further includes post deposition heat treatments including hot isostatic pressing. The modified MCrAlY composition includes one or more elements of Pt, Hf, Si, Zr, Ta, Re, Ru, Nb, B, and C, which improves the corrosion and environmental resistance of the coated component.
Murali N. Madhava
Yiping Hu
Derek Raybould
Huu-Duc Trinh-Le
7,455,881 April 25, 2005 Honeywell International Inc Methods for coating a magnesium component
DOWNLOAD Derek Raybould The present invention provides methods and materials for use in applying a coating on a surface of a magnesium component. The method includes the steps of: accelerating a coating powder to a velocity of between about 500 to about 1200 meters/second, wherein the coating powder comprises a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, aluminum alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, and composites; directing the coating powder through a convergent-divergent nozzle onto the surface of the magnesium component; and forming a coating on the surface of the magnesium component so as to substantially cover the surface of the magnesium component. The coating thickness may be between approximately 0.1 to approximately 1.0 mm.
Murali N. Madhava
Vincent Chung